[Oscar Pierre Havens (1838-1912), photographer]. A Picture of the Indian Cut Throats & Scalpers, Who were confined in the Old Spanish Fort as prisoners of war by the United States Government. Stereoview on orange mount. [Saint Augustine, Florida?]: N.p., n.d. Printed title affixed to verso alongside period ink inscription numbers view "No. 29." Modern inscription to verso identifies the subject. 

A portrait of Southern Cheyenne chief Eagle Head (Minimic) and his son Howling Wolf (Ho-na-nist-to, ca 1849-1927), taken during their confinement at Fort Marion.

Both father and son wear eagle feather bonnets, bone hairpipe breastplates, hide leggings, and hide moccasins. Eagle Head, to left, holds a shield and brandishes a bow and arrows. Howling Wolf grasps a shield adorned with feathers and an otter fur bow case and quiver with a strike-a-light. 

Both men had defended against the unprovoked attack from Colonel John Chivington and the 1st Regiment of Colorado Volunteers in the Sand Creek Massacre on the morning of 29 November 1864.

During the expansion of the United States into the Great Plains, tensions escalated, and in 1874, the Red River War resulted in the forcible removal of many Native Americans onto reservations. As a further means of control, 74 prisoners, mostly male warriors, were chosen from Fort Sill to be imprisoned. In addition to Eagle Head and Howling Wolf, there were 31 other Cheyenne, 27 Kiowa, 11 Comanche, 2 Arapaho, and 1 Caddo. They were moved east to Fort Marion (now known as Castillo de San Marcos) in St. Augustine, Florida, and confined until 1878. 

Oscar Pierre Havens operated photographic studios in Savannah, Georgia, and Jacksonville and specialized in commercial stereoview production. The original negative was taken at Fort Marion between 1875-1878. It is not known who published this near-contemporary view, but it was likely in a series of related Saint Augustine Views. 

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